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Whistling up the tune to which we still dance

43,000 year old bone and ivory flutes from southern Germany.
43,000 year old bone and ivory flutes from southern Germany.
Towards the end of last year, the Dunedin Symphony Orchestra put on an evening of music from ABBA.

It was a resounding success, a capacity audience joined in to the singing, many danced in the aisles and everyone left with the music ringing in their ears.

Very few have never been part of a musical experience, it is a universal part of being human.

Music is a constant presence in rituals, dance, and just in the pure joy of listening. And this poses a fascinating question: when did our ancestors first create it?

About 43,000 years ago, bands of anatomically modern humans began to migrate up the valley of the Danube River into what is now southern Germany. There, they came across our close cousins, the Neanderthals, who had been living there for tens of thousands of years. These newcomers were creative.

They were the people who painted scenes of the animals they preyed upon: the massive mammoths, reindeer, horses and wild cattle. They constructed their huts of mammoth bones and carved figurines of themselves and the animals they hunted.

One of these, known as "the adorant", is seen with hands held aloft as if in a trance. From time to time they camped in the shelter provided at the front of caves and at one of these, Geissenklösterle, they made music.

Archaeologists have come across a flute, expertly carved from mammoth bone, and another made from a swan wing bone. Modern reconstructions made it possible for us to listen to the haunting sounds that once echoed across the still landscape viewed from the cave, warmed by several hearths also found there.

Hohle Fels is a second cave in this region, and there, flutes have also been unearthed, one from bone and others from ivory. The bone flute was made from the wing bone of a griffon vulture. The expert maker fashioned five finger holes, and two notches where the musician would have blown. The animal bones found in the same layer as the flutes include ibex, reindeer and mammoth.

The inhabitants of a third site, Vogelherd also made music from ivory flutes, and one wonders how many other instruments were involved that did not survive.

Music is nearly always associated with dance and rituals.

If you would like to hear the echoing sound from one of those ancient flutes, search YouTube for "Geissenklosterle" and "flute".